應用文的寫作方法、特點

碩士研究生入學英語考試中的應用文寫作一般也遵循了三段式的寫法：第一段表明作者寫信的緣由；第二段詳細介紹具體情況；第三段根據不同種類的信件運用不同的結尾客套語。和短文寫作比較起來，它對于語法結構和詞匯多樣性的要求相對較低，因為應用文寫作更注重信息點的覆蓋和內容的組織、語言的準確性、格式和語域的恰當。簡而言之，應用文最重要的是把“事情”說明白，而不是要把文章寫得多么優(yōu)美。新贈作文要求寫100字左右應用性短文，應用性短文通常包括各種信函、簡歷、便條、備忘錄等，筆者認為考生準備重點應在各種信函。信函主要有：求職信、投訴信、邀請信、訂購信、詢問信、感謝信、道歉信、推薦信等八種，而在這八種信函中前五種是重點的重點。　由于這是一篇小作文所以要求100字左右，難度相對于六級還低。考生只要熟悉一些常用‘經典’句型，便可在短時間一揮而就。比如求職信開篇的一個‘黃金’句型：I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on January 10th, 2003, which invites applications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background. 又如此類信件結束的一個‘鉆石’句型：I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunity for an interview, and I appreciate a response from at your earliest convenience.考生再少加發(fā)揮，在二段設置幾個‘亮點’，一篇高分文章就由此‘誕生’了。雖然短信好寫，還是建議考生參考一些寫作書中關于應用文的介紹，了解模式，熟悉套話。畢竟也是書面語語體，要注意語言正式、詞匯多變，如前面提到了reference books, 后面不妨修改成reference （reading） materials。還要保留一些客氣禮貌的用語，如I do appreciate your kind consideration to my request或I am grateful to your kind assistance.另外，千萬不要把前面的提示語（情景說明）照搬到自己的作文中用來湊字數(shù)，要利用同義詞、同義表達加以改造，否則會有抄襲之嫌。下面歸納五大信函寫作策略：

1. 求職信

開頭段：表明信息來源，說明寫作意圖。

主體段：介紹自己相關的工作經歷、學習經歷，以此證明你能勝任這個職位。

2. 投訴信

開頭段： 說明與收信人的相關性，點明你寫作的意圖。

主體段： 寫明投訴的原因，要展開說明，或者講具體理由，或者談問題的具體體現(xiàn)方式。

結束段：表達你希望上述問題得到盡快解決的強烈愿望，并對有關人員做出的努力表示感謝。

3. 邀請信

開頭段：表明寫作意圖，向某人發(fā)出邀請。

主體段：說明邀請的具體原因，邀請的內容。

結束段：表明強烈的期盼，并希望盡快得到答復。

4. 訂購信

開頭段： 開篇點出寫信的目的，定購你要的東西。

主體段： 詳細說明你訂購貨物的規(guī)格、大小、顏色、尺寸等。

結束段：表示對方回函以便確認。

5. 詢問信

開頭段： 明確寫信的目的，說明寫這封信的目的是尋求某信息或幫助。

主體段：詢問具體問題，強調所需信息的重要性。

結束段：表達獲取信息的強烈愿望，提供聯(lián)系方式以便收信人與你聯(lián)系，并對有關人員表示感謝。

總體來說新增小作文有規(guī)律可循，只要多加練習就能自如應付。

大綱樣題詳解

Directions:

You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:

1） detailed information about the books you want,

2） methods of payment,

3） time and way of delivery.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.

范文

Dear Sir/Madam

I am writing to express my interest in purchasing several titles from your bookstore. The books that I would like to buy are A Students' Guide to Correct English Usage by Edwin James, and A College Dictionary for Advanced English by John Black. Could you let me know how much these books will cost? Which methods of payment does your store accept? Can you deliver them by express mail? How long will it take the books to reach me? If possible, I would like to pay by check and have the books sent directly to my dorm. Many thanks for any assistance you are able to provide.

Yours Sincerely,

Li Ming

（Word Count: 113 words）

這篇文章共113個詞，符合字數(shù)標準。下面依據評分標準的五個方面，分析得分的關鍵。

●是否包含所有內容要點？題目要求信中必須提到三點：1）要買的書的詳細信息。信息包含兩個方面：提供給書店的信息和從書店索取的信息。范文的第二句話列出了兩本書的題目和作者，給書店提供了明確充分的信息。第三句話向書店詢價，以便決定是否購買。這里，書名的寫法也是考點之一。在印刷品中，書名用斜體，而在手寫稿中，為了便于區(qū)分，書名用下劃線突出。2）付款方式。范文第四句話分別詢問書的價格和付款方式。methods of payment這幾個詞在題目中出現(xiàn)過，這樣寫是允許的，但不能使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的詞組或句子，否則會被扣分。3）配送所需時間和方式。這兩點在范文的第五、六句話中都已提及。可見，范文包含了所有的內容要點。

●是否使用豐富的語法結構和詞匯？即考查句型和詞匯的靈活使用，強調變化，切忌單調、重復。先看句型，粗粗一看，沒有簡單重復。雖然連續(xù)提出的四個問題中，第一和第三個語法結構差不多，分別是Could you…，Can you…，但用了不同的詞，避免單調。這封信里出現(xiàn)次數(shù)最多的詞是book，作者很用心，在第一句中就用了大多數(shù)同學不會想到的一個詞：title，它除了“題目，標題”的常用意思之外，還可以表示“（書刊等的）一種，一本”。第一句話的用詞就與眾不同，會給考官一個很好的第一印象。另一個使用頻率高的詞是buy，文章同樣采用了先聲奪人的做法，第一句用了purchase這個稍有難度的詞。在提到配送方式時，用了deliver和send兩個詞，避免重復。在語法結構和詞匯的豐富性方面，文章做得也不錯。

●語言是否自然流暢，是否有語法錯誤？總體而言，范文讀起來很流暢，幾乎沒有語法錯誤，唯一的錯誤就是在稱呼后面缺少逗號。

●是否采用了多種銜接手法，文字是否連貫，層次是否清晰？由于內容的關系，這封信沒有使用諸如and，but，however之類的連接詞，但讀起來仍然很連貫，因為用了另一種銜接手法，用“書”串起全文。第一句：purchasing several titles，第二句：the books that I would like to buy，第三句：these books第一次提過之后，就用不同的定冠詞來特指這些書。層次也很清晰，首先說明寫信的意圖，然后按照提示語的順序層層展開。

●格式和語域是否恰當貼切？應用文的格式是考查的一個重點。書信的格式包括以下幾個要素：1）稱呼。因為這封信是給書店銷售部的，并不知道收信人是男士還是女士，所以寫Dear Sir/Madam，后面應該有“，”。2）正文。寫作有兩種基本格式：縮進式和齊頭式。縮進式每段開頭空四個字母，段與段之間不空行；齊頭式每段開頭頂格，段與段之間空一行。在考試中，建議考生使用齊頭式，目前多數(shù)商務書信或正式的書信都采用這種格式。這封信就是用齊頭式。3）落款。Yours sincerely是最常用的落款，適用各種關系的人之間。語域是指在書面和口語表達中根據不同的交際對象所采用的話語方式，即正式、一般及非正式體。對于書信而言，要根據收信人身份判斷所采用的話語方式。如果是寒暑假時同學間的書信，就要用非正式體。這封信應該用正式體，范文中的稱呼和落款都體現(xiàn)了這一點。另外，范文所用的一些句型也采用了正式體，例如：I am writing to express my interest in …，Many thanks for any assistance you are able to provide. 需要提醒考生注意的是落款的姓名應與稱呼相對應，寫給一個機構的信，落款應當是全名，如果是寫給關系密切的人，只寫名字就可以，但一般會在前面加上祝福語，常用的有：Best regards，Best wishes，或With lots of love，寫給機構和關系不密切的人不必用祝福語。

2005-2006年考研英語寫作PART A真題及范文

2006年全真試題

Directions:

You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.

Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address.

【參考范文】

To Whom It May Concern,

I would like to make a financial contribution to Project Hope, and help those who are eager to receive formal education. And would you please help me to find a candidate who has recently withdrawn from school due to poverty and is in great need of aid? It will be better if the child is a girl at the age between 10 and 12 living in a remote area. I'd like to donate some money and try my best to see her through her studies.

First, I would like to donate 600Yuan which will cover the tuition fee. Second, during summer vacation each year, I will invite her to Beijing, so that she couldl broaden her horizon

I really appreciate your help, and look forward to your reply as soon as possible.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming

2005年全真試題

51. Directions:

Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason（s）， and making an apology.

Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. （10 points）

【參考范文】

A Letter to Quit

[JY,5]Jun 22, 2005

Dear Mr. Wang,

First of all, please allow me to express my deep sorry to you for my resignation. I do know that this will bring about much trouble to you so that I write to you for my explanation.

I decided to quit for some reasons as follows. To begin with, the job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions is not suitable to me. What's more, I am preparing for another degree and I prefer to further my study. Again, I apologize for my resignation to you!

I am looking forward to your early reply.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

【范文譯文】

尊敬的王先生：

首先，請允許我對我的辭職向您表示深深的歉意。我確實知道這會給您帶來許多麻煩，因此我將在此作出解釋。

我決定辭職的原因如下：首先，作為《設計與時尚》雜志的編輯這份工作不適合我。其次，我想要繼續(xù)我的學業(yè)并正在為下一個學位做準備。最后，我再次對我的辭職向您表示歉意。

等待您的盡早答復。

你誠摯的

李明

【范文2】

Dear Mr. Wang,

I am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved.

First of all, the salary has proved to be much lower than you originally promised. It's very difficult for me to support a large family. In addition, the office is located in the downtown area, yet I live in the suburbs, so it is exhausting for me to spend over three hours commuting every day. Most importantly, I feel rather disappointed and left out on the job itself as in the past two months. I was never given any really important responsibility.

Please consider of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused to you.

faithfully Yours sincerely,

Li Ming